高效写作系列：高效写作第三步

#托福写作#organizing and connecting the supporting information.合理组织并关联支撑信息。

在考虑支撑论点的细节信息时，你需要思考如何把这些细节联系在一起。为了让读者在读文章，能跟着你的思路顺畅地阅读，并让文章论述具有说服力，所有的细节支撑都应该是紧密联系在一起的。

今天这一期我们分为两个部分：组织文章的常用方法，以及文章过渡与衔接的方法。

01 组织文章的常用方式

我们通常用两种方式来组织文章，一是按照时间顺序，二是按照主次顺序。

时间顺序

按照时间顺序指的是，细节支撑信息按照他们发生的顺序来进行排列，文章中会出现明显的表示顺序的衔接词。如：first, second, third, first of all, next, finally。

我们先以文章大纲框架来举例：

中心论点句

To exercise successfully, you should follow a simple plan consisting of arranging the time, making preparations, and warming up properly.

To begin with, set aside a regular hour for exercise.Next, prepare for your exercise session.Finally, do a series of warm-up activities.这就是典型的以事件发生顺序来组织的文章。这样的文章组织方式适合于3个分论点间有强烈的前后顺序关系，不按时间顺序会让文章叙述比较混乱。

我们下面再看一下，按照时间顺序组织的段落：

Next, prepare for your exercise session. You do this, first, by not eating or drinking anything for an hour before the session. Why risk an upset stomach? Then, dress comfortably in something that allows you to move freely. Because you’ll be in your own home, there’s no need to invest in a high-fashion dance costume. A loose T-shirt and shorts are good. A bathing suit is great in summer, and in winter long underwear is warm and comfortable. If your hair tends to flop in your eyes, pin it back or wear a headband or scarf. After dressing, prepare the exercise area. Turn off the phone and lock the door to prevent interruptions. Shove the coffee table out of the way so that you won’t bruise yourself on it. Finally, get out the simple materials you’ll need to exercise on.

主次顺序

按照主次顺序组织文章，也可以形象地概括为“把最好的留到最后”。这样的文章通常是把最有趣或最重要的细节信息，放到最后一个主体段来表述。

文章论述的结尾通常是文章最显著的部分，因为读者通常对最后读到的东西印象更深刻，并且有一个递进渐强的效果。通常可以用finally, last of all, most important这一类的衔接词来强调重要的部分。

下面还是先以文章大纲框架来举例：

中心论点句

Celebrities lead very stressful lives.

For one thing, celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person does.In addition, celebrities are under constant pressure.Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger.上面的文章大纲，把名人生活压力的来源以从轻到重的顺序进行了排列，首先是个人隐私没有保障，其次是出于持续的压力之下，最后是还要面对一些危险。这样的组织顺序从轻到重、循序渐进，让读者能一步步了解作者观点，并且不觉得突兀。

下面是按照主次顺序组织的段落：

Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly grabs, hugs, and kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled assaults on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car. Celebrities often get strange letters from people who become obsessed with their idols or from people who threaten to harm them. Worst of all, threats can turn into deeds. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people tried to transfer the celebrity’s fame to themselves. Famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game—and never out of season.

该段落没有明显的衔接词，但是提供的细节支撑是按照事件的轻重排序的，从粉丝过度热情的举动，到别人寄来的奇怪信件，再到有时候可能会面临生命危险。

02 过渡与衔接

过渡衔接词（transitional words）

常用的衔接词分以下几类：

(1) 表示递进

one, first, second, the third reason, also, next, and, in addition, moreover, further, furthermore, finally, last, similarly, likewise, as well, too, besides.

(2) 表示时间顺序

first, then, next, after, as before, while, meanwhile, soon, now, during, finally, after a while, as soon as, at that time, by then, during, since, suddenly, then, thereafter, by then, in a few hours, by that time.

(3) 表示空间顺序

next to, across, on the opposite side, to the left, to the right, above, below, near, nearby, beside, on top of, under, over, underneath, far from.

(4) 表示转折关系

but, however, yet, in contrast, although, otherwise, still, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, instead, nonetheless, otherwise, even though.

(5) 举例

for example, for instance, specifically, as an illustration, once, such as.

(6) 总结

therefore, consequently, thus, then, as a result, in summary, to conclude, last, finally.

重复关键词（repeated key words）

重复关键词指的是，在段落中重复提及关键名词，以达到句子与句子之间的连贯。下面的段落论述心理学的作用，段落重复使用关键词psychology已达到前后衔接。

One reason for studying psychology is to help you deal with your children. Perhaps your young daughter refuses to go to bed when you want her to and bursts into tears at the least mention of “lights out.” A little knowledge of psychology comes in handy. You can offer her a choice of staying up until 7:30 with you or going upstairs and playing until 8:00. Since she gets to make the choice, she does not feel so powerless and will not resist. Psychology is also useful in rewarding a child for a job well done. Instead of telling your ten-year-old son what a good boy he is when he makes his own bed, tell him how neat it looks, how happy you are to see it, and how proud of him you are for doing it by himself. The psychology books will tell you that being a good boy is much harder to live up to than doing one job well.

1、使用代词（pronouns）

在英语写作中，前面已经提及过的事物再次出现时，可以用代词来指代，这样让文章表达简明、不重复、且前后连贯。下列段落示范中，标红的是首次提及的名词，后面画线的是表示该名词的代词

Another way for people to economize at an amusement park is to bring their own food. If they pack a nourishing, well-balanced lunch of cold chicken, carrot sticks, and fruit, they will avoid having to pay high prices for hamburgers and hot dogs. They will also save on calories. Also, instead of filling up on soft drinks, they should bring a thermos of iced tea. Iced tea is more refreshing than soda, and it is a great deal cheaper. Every dollar that is not spent at a refreshment stand is one that can be spent on another ride.

2、使用近义词（synonyms）

近义词表述也可以叫同义替换，我们也可以用这样的方法来达到前后连贯。西面的段落讨论了资金募集的几种有效方法，方法这个词在段落中分别使用了method, technique, procedure, way来表达。

Several methods of fund-raising work well with small organizations. One technique is to hold an auction, with everyone either contributing an item from home or obtaining a donation from a sympathetic local merchant. Because all the merchandise and the services of the auctioneer have been donated, the entire proceeds can be placed in the organization’s treasury. A second fund-raising procedure is a car wash. Club members and their children get together on a Saturday and wash all the cars in the neighborhood for a few dollars apiece. A third, time-tested way to raise money is to hold a bake sale, with each family contributing homemade cookies, brownies, layer cakes, or cupcakes. Sold by the piece or by the box, these baked goods will satisfyingly fill both the stomach and the pocketbook.

以上就是本期内容，在文章组织和衔接方面较弱的同学，需要仔细阅读、认真思考。